North Carolina Estate Planning Lawyer & Attorney : Trust Counsel, PA : Trust Administration : Serving Chapel Hill, Durham, Raleigh, Pittsboro, Orange County, Chatham County

As a proponent of Family Limited Liability Companies (LLCs) for asset management, creditor protection, and ease of gifting, I was please to read about the U.S. Tax Court's decision in Mirowski v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 2008-74.  March 26, 2008.

Mrs. Mirowski, widow of the inventor of the heart defibrillator implant, created a trust for each of her three daughters in 1992, which were funded with portions of her interests in the patent licenses.  Then, in 2001, she formed a single member LLC, transferring substantial assets to it.  Shortly thereafter, Mrs. Mirowski gifted a 16% interest in the LLC to each of the trusts.  A mere four days later, she died unexpectedly.

The IRS argued under Section 2036(a) of the Internal Revenue Code that Mrs. Mirowski retained the right to income or enjoyment of the gifted property, so that it was included in her taxable estate.  The estate maintained that the Section 2038 "bona fide sale" exception applied, so that the transferred assets were not subject to estate tax.

The Tax Court agreed, holding that the LLC's activities do not have to be equivalent to those of a "business" for the bona fide sale exception to be applicable.  The Court stated that Mrs. Mirowski had "legitimate and significant  non-tax reasons" for establishing and funding the LLC, including 1) joint management of family assets, 2) combining family assets to maximize investment opportunities, and 3) enabling equal transfers to her daughters.

Some key points for Family LLCs to hold up for gift and estate tax purposes:

• Strictly follow the terms of the Operating Agreement
• State the reasons for the LLC in the Operating Agreement
• Have the Agreement reviewed by separate counsel for all initial members
• Leave enough assets outside the LLC to live on and pay taxes
• Don't mingle LLC assets with personal assets
• File the proper tax returns each year
• File the necessary documents with the Secretary of State each year
• Don't put your personal residence in a Family LLC
• Make sure the senior generation does not have the power to allocate profits and losses
• Require annual distributions
• Have the junior family members (or their trusts) make initial contributions to the LLC to provide for the pooling of assets
• Don't wait until the senior family member is near death

 The bottom line is that Family LLCs remain a viable and attractive option for transfers of family wealth, while also providing asset protection and management advantages.  Just make sure you use an attorney experienced in forming Family LLCs to assist you, and carefully follow all of his or her instructions. 

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Many parents are deeply concerned about the escalating costs of college and post-graduate education for their children, and how these costs may impact their overall financial and estate planning objectives. If you have college-bound younger family members, you should be aware of an important new technique that can pay for educational expenses, solve income tax issues, and provide an important piece of your estate plan.

You have probably read about 529 College Savings plans (named after the Code section that creates these state-sponsored savings plans). In fact, nearly everyone interested in saving for education has probably investigated the pros and cons of these plans. They are immensely attractive because they are estate tax free, income tax free, and in some states protected from creditors.  North Carolina has a good plan, but does not provide much creditor protection.

Whether you are a parent with future educational obligations for your young ones, or perhaps a loving aunt, uncle, grandparent, or stepparent, state education savings plans provide at least part of the answer. And the other part is this: With a carefully-crafted Educational Trust, you can now control that 529 Plan as an asset of this specially designed planning instrument.

A 529 Plan combined with an Educational Trust provides more flexibility to move assets between siblings (the one in medical school will need more money), and just as importantly, provides a smooth transition should you become incapacitated or die. Further, should you experience a financial emergency, the funds can be returned to you.  It can also provide increased creditor protection.

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Family Limited Partnerships, or more commonly now, Family Limited Liability Companies, are great vehicles for management and protection of family businesses, real estate, and investments.  They also can be used to facilitate gifting, since interests in the entity given to junior family members typically qualify for minority interest and lack of marketability discounts.  These discounts can provide powerful leveraging. 

However, to stand up to IRS scrutiny, it is important the FLP or FLLC be properly formed and administered.  Click "Continue Reading" for a checklist to help determine if your family entity meets the necessary criteria.

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Could joint tenancy, one of the most common forms of holding title to assets, lead to an estate planning disaster for your heirs? Joint tenancy, often called “joint tenants with right of survivorship,” is a form of holding equal interests in an asset by two or more persons. If one joint tenant dies, his or her share generally passes automatically to the other joint tenant(s) by right of survivorship.

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If you’re like many folks, you may be deeply concerned about how litigious our society has become and fear that your assets may one day be taken by creditors. If you share these concerns, I want you to be aware of an important new technique that can asset protect any inheritance you may receive and provide an important piece of your estate plan.

The traditional estate planning process has focused exclusively on passing assets downstream to beneficiaries (i.e., to children and grandchildren), often ignoring a potential inheritance from parents or other family members. However, Americans are living longer and longer and, as you may know, up to $41 trillion is scheduled to change hands in the coming decades. Most of these assets will be transferred in a manner that it is not protected from the claims of creditors or former spouses.

The laws of almost every state, including ours, prohibit so-called “self-settled trusts” – an irrevocable trust you establish yourself for your benefit, yet which purports to protect the trust assets from creditors. Therefore, once you receive an inheritance in the typical manner it is too late; you cannot protect these assets yourself. You can, however, protect the inheritance by creating an Inheritor’s Trust that will be the recipient of the inherited assets. An Inheritor’s Trust legally protects these assets, yet allows you to access them as necessary. It also removes these assets and their growth from your estate so that they will not be subject to estate tax upon your death.

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While this posting doesn't exactly relate to North Carolina law, one of NC's neighboring states, Tennessee, has adopted legislation to allow Domestic Asset Protection Trusts (DAPTs).  Being licensed in TN as well as NC, this is of interest to me, and it may be of interest to NC residents who want to establish a DAPT, but would prefer to "stay close to home."

With the addition of TN, 10 states now allow DAPTs, but TN is the only one in the Southeast.  The TN law refers to their version of the DAPT as the "Tennessee Investment Services Trust" (TIST), hoping to avoid the negative connotation the term "Asset Protection Trust" has for some.

DAPTs, including TN's TIST, allow a grantor to contribute assets to a trust in which the grantor is also a beneficiary, while keeping those assets protected from creditors.  There are certain exceptions, of course, and all of the statutory requirements must be met for the protection to  be effective.

Tennessee has also extended their rule against perpetuities to 360 years, allowing the TIST (and other TN trusts) to last for many generations.  North Carolina's rule against perpetuities has also been repealed this year - are NC DAPTs next on the horizon?  It certainly would be a way to keep trust dollars in the state and perhaps attract investment funds from other states.

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The IRA you inherited from your parents, or that your kids might inherit from you, may not be safe from lawsuits.  Jim Roberts, of Glast, Phillips & Murray, P.C. in Dallas, reports on a U.S. Bankruptcy case interpreting Texas law on this issue:

Federal law provides protection for most qualified plans, including 401(k), pension and profit sharing plans.But protections for Individual Retirement Accounts (“IRAs”) are a matter of state law. Most, if not all, states provide that IRAs are exempt. But there is a growing body of case law questioning the exemption of inherited IRAs.  Click "Continue Reading" for the remainder of the article.

Will North Carolina be next?  This ruling means that IRA Trusts are crucial for protecting IRAs that will pass to family members.  Even if the state in which you live protects inherited IRAs, you children could live in or move to a state such as Texas, which does not.

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North Carolina is not known for its attractive estate planning and asset protection laws, but NC residents can avail themselves of certain out-of-state planning strategies that can provide significant estate tax savings and creditor protection.  One state that has some of the most favorable laws is Nevada.

As a write this, I'm sitting in a hotel room in Las Vegas, having just finished up a meeting with nationally known estate planning and asset protection attorney Steve Oshins, whose office is located here.  Mr. Oshins, who is published frequently in Trust & Estates magazine and Estate Planning magazine, has developed several innovative trusts and trust-related strategies, such as the Megatrust, the Inheritors Trust and the Opportunity Shifting Trust. 

I have joined Mr. Oshins' Advanced Planning Legal Network to be able to bring these same types of techniques to my clients.

Click  "Continue Reading" for a brief description of the advantages of using Nevada laws for estate planning.

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